Which of the following is a characteristic of a socialized health insurance system?

Which of the following is a characteristic of a socialized health insurance system?

Health Care in AmericaText: Delivering Health Care in AmericaFourth Edition, 2008ISBN-13: 9780763745127, ISBN-10:076374512XAuthors:Leiyu Shi and Douglas A. SinghPublisher:Jones & Bartlett
Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)1. Which of the following is a characteristic of a national health insurance system?a. The government finances health care through general taxesb. Health care is delivered by private providersc. Both a and bd. Neither a nor b2. Which of the following is a characteristic of a socialized health insurance system?a. Health care is financed through government-mandated contributions by employers and employeesb. Health care is delivered by government-employed providersc. Both a and bd. Neither a nor b3. In 1984, Australia switched:a. From the Medicare program to a universal national health care programb. From a universal national health care program to a privately financed systemc. From a privately financed system to the Medicare programd. None of the above4. A free market in health care requires:a. Adequate information for patientsb. Independent actions between buyers (patients) and sellers (providers)c. Unencumbered interaction of the forces of supply and demandd. All of the above5. A multiple payer system is more cumbersome than a single payer system for all of the following reasons except:a. There are numerous health plans, which is difficult for providers to handleb. Payments are not standard ized across health plansc. Some health care services are covered for people in the north, but not in the southd. Government programs require extensive documentation proving services were provided before payi ng providers6. Which of the following entities in the U,S, employs lobbyists?a. Physiciansb. Insurance companiesc. Large employersd. All of the above7, The ownership of Canada’s health care system is best described as:a. Privateb. Publicc. Combination of private and publicd. None of the above8, Supplier-induced demand is created by:a, Patientsb. Providersc. Health insurance companiesd. The government9. Which country spends the most in administrative health care costs?B. United Statesb. Germanyc. UKd. Australia10. Demand-side rationing IS the same thing as:a. Nonprice rationingb. Price rationingc. Both a and bd. Neither a nor b11. Deontology asserts:a. That no one has a duty to do what is rightb. That it is society’s duty to do what is rightc. That it is an individual’s duty to do what is rightd. None of the above
12. Utilitarianism emphasizes:a. Happiness and welfare for the poorb. Happiness and welfare for the deservingc. Happiness and welfare for the most people possibled. None of the above13. Supply-side rationing is also referred to as:a. Nonprice rationingb. Price rationingc. Planned rationingd. Both a and c14. The limitations of market justice include:a. Social problems are not adequately addressedb. Society is not always protected from the consequences of ill healthc. It leads to inequitable access to health cared. All of the above15. Prevalence is:a. The number of new cases occurring during a specified period divided by the total populationb. The total number of cases at a specific point in time divided by the specified populationc. The number of new cases occurring during a specified period divided by the population at riskd. The total number of cases at a specific point in time divided by the population at risk16. Crude rates refer to:a. A specific age groupb. A specific genderc. The total populationd. None of the above17. Holistic health adds which element to the World Health Organization definition of health?a. Physicalb. Mentalc. Spirituald. Social18. What was the main consequence of early proprietary medical schools, as opposed to state-sponsored schools, in the preindustrial era?a. Standards were low.b. The cost of medical education became too high.c. Medical education became regulated.d. Science and research became part of medical education.19. Which of the following factors was particularly important in promoting the growth of office- based medical practice in the postindustrial period?a. Urbanizationb. Educational reformc. Science and technologyd. Dependency20. When a profession’s services are generally accepted and are legitimized, they impart __ to the profession.a. Specializationb. Organ ized strengthc. Cohesivenessd. Cu Itural authority21. Cultural authority was conveyed to the medical profession mainly througha. The development of the AMAb. Advances in medical sciencec. Patients’ dependencyd. Licensi ng22. Development of the hospital and __ happened almost hand in hand in a symbiotic relationship between the two.a. Dependency of patientsb. Growth of scientific knowledgec. Professionalization of medical practiced. Cohesiveness of the medical profession23. Even though hospitals incurred frequent deaths in the early 1900s, their use was on the rise mainly becausea. Most people had poor living conditions in their homesb. People had no other choice but use the hospitalsc. A large number of immigrants were settling in American citiesd. Technology was advancing at a rapid pace24. Why did physicians remain independent of corporate settings even after the medical profession became well recognized?a. Hospitals were unable to pay high enough salaries to physicians.b. Physicians disliked salary arrangements.c. Licensure laws had not yet been passed.d. Physicians who took up practice in a corporate setting were castigated by the medical profession.25. Organized medicinea. Concerted activities of physicians through the American Medical Associationb. Affiliation of physicians with medical schoolsc. Standardized practice of medicined. Unionization of physicianse.
a.Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)1. Nonphysician practitioners (N PPs) i ncl ude:a. Osteopathsb. Dentistsc. Physician assistantsd. None of the above2. Allied health professionals incl ude:a. Osteopathsb. Dentistsc. Physician assistantsd. None of the above3. Physician maldistribution occurs by:a. Specialtyb. Geographyc. Both a and bd. Neither a nor b4. Compared to metropolitan and suburban areas, there is a/an __ of physicians in rural areas.a. Shortageb. SurplusC. Equal amountd. Unknown number5. The roles and responsibilities of health services administrators include:a. Leadership and strategic directionb. Departmental managementc. Program oversightd. All of the above6. Primary care is:a. Longitudinalb. The portal to the health care systemc. Holisticd. All of the above7. The principal source of funding for graduate medical education is:a. Medicaidb. Medicarec. Private fundsd. State grant programs8. Which of the following is a major criticism of managed care?a. Qua I ity of care may be sacrificedb. Managed care is inefficientc. Utilization may increased. Managed care will worsen the physician oversupply9. The percentage of active primary care generalist physicians has:a. Decreased since 1949b. Increased si nce 1949c. Remained steady since 1949d. Unknown: this number has only been tracked since 197010. Which of the following medical specialty earns the highest salary?a. Emergency medicineb. Radiologyc. Pediatricsd. Obstetrics/Gynecology11. This law was criticized for slowing down the introduction of new drugs.a. Prescri ption Drug User Fee Act, 1992b. Kefauver-Harris Drug Amendments, 1962c. Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act, 1997d. Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 193812. This law provided incentives for pharmaceutical firms to develop new drugs for healthproblems that affected a relatively small number of people.a. Prescription Drug User Fee Act, 1992b. Kefauver-Harris Drug Amendments, 1962c. Orphan Drug Act, 1983d. Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act, 1997
13. This made additional resources available to the FDA, and resulted in a shortened approval process for new drugs.a. Kefauver-Harris Drug Amendments, 1962b. Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act, 1997c. Orphan Drug Act, 1983d. Prescription Drug User Fee Act, 199214. The most stringent requirements of premarket approval regarding safety and effectiveness apply to __ devices.a. Class Ib. Class IIc. Class IIId. Class IV15. The Safe Medical Devices Act, 1990 requires:a. That injuries, illness, or death from any device be reportedb. Premarket approval of devicesc. Safety testing of devices before and after they have been marketedd. That all problems and potential problems be reported to the FDA16. What was the purpose of certificate of need (CON) laws?a. Monitor the diffusion of new technologyb. Control the flow of federal funds for private projectsc. Control new health service programsd. Control new construction and modernization projects17. Which department of the DHHS supports research on health care quality, cost, and access?a. National Institutes of Healthb. Agency for Healthcare Research and Qual ityc. Institute of Medicined. American Health Quality Association18. What is the main function of the National Institutes of Health?a. Conduct and support research on health care quality, cost, and accessb. Establish medical subspecialties in US medical schoolsc. Provide specialized training for medical specialistsd. Conduct and support biomedical research19. Which area of personal health expenditures has seen the greatest rise in recent years?a. Long-term careb. Hospital servicesc. Prescription drugsd. Durable medical equipment20. According to the Institute of Medicine, the rise in prescription drug costs is mainly attributed to:a. price inflationb. increased use of existing drugsc. research and development costsd. replacement of older drugs by newer ones21. Evaluation of the appropriateness of medical technology.a. Cost -effectivenessb. Health technology assessmentc. Clinical triald. Efficacy22. In technology assessment, what role do clinical trials play?a. They are used for experimentation with potentially useful drugsb. They are used for establishing the rights of participantsc. They are used for determining cost-effectivenessd. They are used for evaluating efficacy and safety23. What is the role of an institutional review board (IRB)?a. Establish guidelines for the method of conducting researchb. Verify the results of clinical trialsc. Approve and monitor research that involves human subjectsd. All of the above24. Usefulness of a new technology.a. Qualityb. Efficacyc. Assessmentd. Appropriateness25. Cost-efficiency evaluates marginal benefits in relation to:a. Marginal safetyb. Marginal costsc. Flat of the curved. Outcomes
Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)1. What has been the effect of intense consolidation in certain hospital markets?a. Increased competitionb. Better accessc. Dilution of competitiond. Improved quality2. Who pioneered the transformation of nursing into a recognized profession?a. Madame Curieb. Florence Nightingalec. Cicely Saundersd. Sylvia Lack3. The Hill-Burton Act was passed toa. Make it mandatory for private insurers to cover hospital servicesb. Rei ieve shortage of hospitalsc. Curtail the utilization of hospital bedsd. Have federal control over community hospitals4. Under the Hospital Survey and Construction Act of 1946, the responsibility for hospital planninga. Remained in the hands of the federal governmentb. Was delegated to local county and city governmentsc. Was given to the statesd. Was given to private insurers5. Under the Hill-Burton Act, federal grants were given on the basis ofa. Bed-to-population ratiosb. Poverty ranking for each statec. Number of hospital beds already in existenced. Hospital size needed to adequately serve each community6. Which factor was the most instrumental in the growth of nonprofit community hospitals in the United States?a. Hill-Burton Actb. Growth of private health insurancec. Medical technologyd. Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act7. Since 1980, the share of national health expenditures consumed by hospital care hasa. Increasedb. Declinedc. Remained the samed. Remained unknown8. Which factor had the most dramatic effect on hospital downsizing in the United States?a. Increase in the number of uninsured Americansb. Closing of rural hospitalsc. Managed cared. Prospective reimbursement9. Why are discharge statistics more accurate than admission statistics as a count of inpatients served by a hospital?a. Deaths are not counted as dischargesb. Deaths are counted as dischargesc. Babies are born in hospitalsd. Some newborn infants need critical care10. ALOS is an indicator ofa. use of hospital capacityb. frequency of usec. severity of illnessd. access11. How is average length of stay calculated?a. Days of care/d ischargesb. By cumulating patient daysc. Inpatient days/capacityd. Discharges X inpatient days12. Average dai Iy census is a measure of a hospital’sa. Daily capacityb. Average admissions per dayc. Days of cared. Number of patients served daily13. The proportion of a hospital’s capacity that is actually utilized.a. Days of careb.ALOSc. Average daily censusd. Occupancy rate14. Which of these hospitals types is not likely to serve the general public?a. County and city hospitalsb. Proprietary hospitalsc. Federal hospitalsd. Community hospitals15. Which ownership type constitutes the largest group of hospitals and hospital beds in the United States?a. Private for-profitb. Federalc. Private nonprofitd. State and local government16. For whose financial benefit are proprietary hospitals operated?a. Stockholdersb. The American publicc. The local communityd. The governing body17. In a hospital classified as short stay, the ALOS is less thana. 5 daysb. 10 daysc. 15 daysd. 25 days18. Which hospitals provide services to children in communities that do not have specialty children’s hospitals.a. Rehabilitation hospitalsb. General hospitalsc. Long-term care hospitalsd. Specialized hospitals19. To be classified as a community hospital, the hospital must bea. A public hospitalb. A nonfederal hospitalc. A nonprofit hospitald. A nongovernmental hospital20. Which of the following cannot be classified as a community hospital?a. Specialty hospitalb. Proprietary hospitalc. Long-stay hospitald. Children’s hospital21. To be classified as a Critical Access Hospital, the number of acute care beds should not exceeda. 20b.25c.35d. 5022. What financial benefit does a small rural hospital reap by qualifying for the designation, Critical Access Hospital?a. It can receive specific federal grants for serving vulnerable populationsb. It can use its beds for either acute care or long-term care as neededc. It can increase its profitabi I ity by receivi ng special payments for emergency servicesd. It can receive cost-plus reimbursement under Medicare Part A23. Which hospital type is likely to emphasize holistic medicine?a. Osteopathic hospitalb. General hospitalc. Specialty hospitald. Rehabilitation hospital24. According to US law, nonprofit organizationsa. Can make only a limited amount of profitb. Are tax exemptc. Cannot have a governing bodyd. Must pay taxes only if they are profitable25. Institutional theory predicts thata. For-profit and nonprofit organizations will imitate each other when faced with similar regu latory and legal constrai ntsb. As an enterprise increases in size, its unit overhead costs would decreasec. As a hospital increases in size, its economies of scale dissipated. In competitive markets, both for-profit and nonprofit organizations would deliver certain essential community benefits
Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)l. All of the following are elements of the policy cycle, except:a. Issue raisingb. Policy designc. Policy implementationd. Policy evaluation2. What was the main purpose of the Kerr-Mills program (l960)?a. Provision of federal grants to state government programs assisting the elderlyb. Provision of federal grants to state government programs assisting the poorc. Provision of federal grants to state government programs assisting childrend. None of the above3. Which piece of legislation had important implications for rural hospitals?a. Rural Hospital Act of 1992b. Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA) of 1986c. Access to Ca re Act of 1988d. Higgins-Branyan Act of 20044. For what is the National Health Planning and Resources Development Act of 1974 noted?a. The shift from cost containment to improvement of quality as the principal theme in federal health policyb. The shift from cost containment to improvement of access as the principal theme in federal health pol icyc. The shift from improvement of access to cost containment as the principal theme in federal health policyd. The shift from improvement of quality to cost containment as the principal theme in federal health policy5. Which aspect of health care pol icy has received the most attention during the past several decades?a. Quality improvementb. Racial and ethnic disparities reductionc. Cost containmentd. Access to car6. What does “CON” stand for?a. Certificate of Needb. Certificate of Nursingc. Certificate of Naturopathyd. Certificate of Nationality7. What is the mai n purpose of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Qual ity?a. To regu late hospitalsb. To conduct and support research with respect to health care services and proceduresc. To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of pharmaceuticalsd. None of the above8. In what way does research influence policymaking?a. Prescriptionb. Documentationc. Analysisd. All of the above9. Which of the following is a health policy challenge faced by state governments?a. Protecting public healthb. Subsidizing costs of caring for the uninsuredc. Financing health services for the poord. All of the above10. All of the following were identified by the Institute of Medicine (Crossing the Quality Chasm, 2001) as areas for quality improvement, except:a. Timelinessb. Safetyc. Efficacyd. Patient-centeredness11. Which approach to national health care, if adopted, will make the most drastic changes in the US health care system?a. Laissez-faireb. Play or payc. Single payerd. Managed competition18. Which federal legislation has put severe constraints on the states to pass employer mandates that would require employers to pay for their employees’ health insurance?a. Health Security Actb. Trade Adjustment Assistance Actc. Employee Retirement Income Security Actd. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act19. In former US Surgeon General, David Satcher’s proposal to increase investment in prevention, the ‘downstream’ level focuses ona. The individualb. The communityc. The stated. The federal government20. __ can benefit workers by furnishing them a larger set of skills.a. Diversity trainingb. Cross trainingc. Multidisciplinary teamworkd. Specialized training21. Multi-skilled health practitioners (MHPs) area. Particularly useful in large teaching hospitalsb. Particularly useful in multidisciplinary teamsc. Cross-trainedd. Highly specialized22. In a consumer-choice market, __ may be the best predictor of future success for a health care organization.a. Continuum of servicesb. Sizec. Market shared. Client satisfaction
23. Extensive regulations imposed on health care organizations consume time and resources, which can impedea. A focus on the consumerb. Qualityc. Charityd. Patient autonomy24. Evidence-based medicine proposes to incorporate __ in medical care delivery.a. Clinical trialsb. Best practicesc. Experimentationd. Clinical review25. Adherence to clinical guidelines is higher when they are based ona. Experimentationb. Clinical reviewc. Small area variationsd. Clinical trials

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