Discuss and explain what the non-motor features are, how they arise, what organs, cells and molecules may be involved and if the non-motor features can be used as biomarkers for PD.
The diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) often is based on the clinical effects of dopamine deficiency and the development of a motor disorder. However, the so-called “non-motor” features may develop before any motor signs. Discuss and explain what the non-motor features are, how they arise, what organs, cells and molecules may be involved and if the non-motor features can be used as biomarkers for PD. How are the nonmotor features related (connected) to the motor features of PD?
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