____ 109. Simply repeating a message causes it to be

____ 109. Simply repeating a message causes it to be

____ 109. Simply repeatinga message causes it to be perceived as more true. This finding is known as thea. validity effectb. contrast effectc. exposure effectd. reiteration effect
____ 110. Travis saw a television advertisement in which a new long-distancetelephone service provider showed a vignette of pleasant family scenes whilesome relaxing music played in the background. Later, when Travis is asked aboutthis particular long-distance service provider, he has a positive attitudetoward their service, even though he actually uses a different long-distanceservice. Travis’s attitude appears to have developed through the process ofa. cognitive dissonanceb. classical conditioningc. observational learningd. operant conditioning
____ 111. Scott spent a great deal of time and money on becoming a member of acertain club, yet later discovered that the members of the club were boring.According to dissonance theory, Scott would MOST likelya. continue to extol the virtues of the club to his friendsb. now “bad mouth” the club to his friendsc. engage in denial and disengagement as part of his defensive attributiond. try to modify the behavior of the current club members
____ 112. Judd notices that every time he is in a bookstore he spends more timebrowsing through the new books in the non-fiction section than looking at thelatest novels and best sellers. Consequently, Judd decides he must reallyprefer non-fiction books. In this example, Judd has formed his attitude in themanner suggested bya. cognitive dissonance theoryb. observational learning theoryc. the fundamental attribution errord. self-perception theory
____ 113. Julio had planned to buy a national brand computer when one of hisfriends suggested that he look into the computers available through a local“no-name” outlet store. Julio carefully reviewed the relevant reportsabout the various computer components as well as the statistics on servicereliability, and decided his friend was correct. Julio bought his computer fromthe local “no-name” outlet store. In this case, Julio reached hisdecision usinga. the central route to persuasionb. the peripheral route to persuasionc. the cognitive dissonance model of persuasiond. a self-serving route to persuasion
____ 114. In Asch’s studies, __________ were found to be the key determinants ofconformity.a. group size and the subjects’ intelligenceb. the group leader’s personality and group unanimityc. task difficulty and group sized. group size and group unanimity
____ 115. In Milgram’s (1963) study, what percentage of the subjects fullyobeyed the experimenter?a. 5 percentb. 35 percentc. 65 percentd. 95 percent
____ 116. Milgram found that subjects’ obedience declined dramatically whena. an innocent stranger was harmed by the subjects’ actionsb. group size was increased beyond seven membersc. another “teacher” defied the experimenter’s orderd. the study was conducted in a run-down, dilapidated building
____ 117. Frasier felt his life was hopeless and climbed out onto a bridgedeck, planning to commit suicide. Initially, about 40 people stood and pointedat him as he clung to the railing on the bridge, but after 30 minutes most ofthe crowd had dispersed. When only three people remained, one of the onlookersdecided to call for help. The best explanation for why Frasier received helpwhen the crowd was small, rather than when it was large, is thata. diffusion of responsibility is less likely to occur in a small groupb. group polarization is less likely to occur in small groupsc. small groups tend to be less cohesive than larger groupsd. cognitive dissonance decreases as the size of a group is decreased
____ 118. When Jerry thought he was the only person who was assigned the job ofcontacting alumni for a 15-year reunion, he spent several hours on the phoneeach evening trying to reach members of his graduating class. When he learnedthat eight other people were also working on contacting the alumni, he spentonly 30 minutes each night making phone calls. The process that would bestexplain the decrease in Jerry’s effort when he learned that he was working aspart of a larger group, isa. social interferenceb. social loafingc. the bystander effectd. social dissonance
____ 119. When Stoner (1961) compared the average decision of a group’sindividual members against their group decision generated through groupdiscussion, he found thata. group members ignored the discussion and maintained their original decisionb. individuals arrived at riskier decisions than groupsc. groups arrived at riskier decisions than individualsd. the longer the discussion continued, the riskier the group’s decisions
____ 120. Groupthink is more likely when the groupa. does not have a designated leaderb. must justify their decision to other groups in the same organizationc. is under pressure to make a major decisiond. experiences any of these things
____ 121. Observers tend to favor __________ attributions about the success ofmales; observers tend to favor __________ attributions about the success offemales.a. internal; externalb. internal; internalc. external; internald. external; external
____ 122. When a member of an ethnic minority is successful, people are leastlikely to attribute that success toa. sheer effortb. ability or intelligencec. luck or opportunityd. ease of the task
____ 123. Which of the following social influence techniques involves gettingpeople to agree to a small request to increase the chances that they will agreeto a larger request later?a. lowball techniqueb. highball techniquec. reciprocity normd. foot-in-the-door technique
____ 124. Groups seeking donations routinely send address labels and othersmall gifts with their pleas. This approach illustrates which of the followingsocial influence techniques?a. lowball techniqueb. highball techniquec. foot-in-the-door techniqued. reciprocity norm
____ 125. The studies by Asch and by Milgram indicate that both conformity togroup pressure and obedience to commands are reduced bya. group cohesivenessb. group polarizationc. the presence of a dissenterd. centralized communication

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