Diabetes
Diabetes metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia which can be attributed to a dysfunction of insulin action or secretion. The four most common symptoms of diabetic patients include polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia, and rapid weight changes. Type 1 DM, also called juvenile diabetes, is autoimmune or cell-mediated destruction of beta cells in the pancreas that result in insulin deficiency, according to McCance & Huether (2019). The study by Claessens et al. (2020) aimed to identify the specific autoimmune response contributing to juvenile diabetes and noted the T cells to proliferate in large numbers destroying beta cells. Type 2 DM is the most common gradual destruction of beta cells of time due to defect, environment, lifestyle, and other risk factors. These patients can make lifestyle modifications, including diet, exercise programs as management, and some may require insulin supplementation (Rosenthal & Burchum,2018). Gestational Diabetes occurred during pregnancy and is diagnosed with standard antenatal testing with a glucose tolerance test. Pharmacologic treatment for diabetes includes insulin replacement and glucose monitoring.
Insulin is replaced with oral or subcutaneous medication dependent on patients’ glycemic control HA1c and daily glucose monitoring. Oral biguanide or sulfonylureas such as metformin and glipizide are the first drugs prescribes for people with type 2 diabetes with extensive education on lifestyle modifications (Rosenthal & Burchum 2018). Subcutaneous insulins include rapid acting, short acting, intermediate, long, and ultra-long acting with different peak times and half-life.3APA refrences
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